The Basics of Tax Language.
This certainly isn’t a subject most us, including myself, like to think about and certainly isn’t one that appears to be going away anytime soon. As wealth accumulates for future needs, the tax rates by federal and state governments will likely increase due to budgetary issues.
Therefore, my goal is to share some basic tax language, concepts, and distinctions that I believe every person should know. Let’s first begin with a list of terms:
- Earned income versus unearned income
- Tax deductions and exemptions versus tax credits
- Social Security versus Medicare tax
- Long and short-term capital gains tax
- Marginal tax rate versus effective tax rate
- Tax deferred versus tax-free
For 2017, federal income tax has seven progressive brackets – 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, 35%, and 39.6%. The amount of tax you owe depends on your income level and filing status.
Earned income includes wages, salary, professional fees, and commissions. In contrast, unearned income is income derived from savings accounts, certificate of deposits, and investment accounts. Because the income classifications are taxed at different rates, it is important to understand the distinction between the two.
With a progressive tax system, reducing your taxable income is important. This can be accomplished through tax deductions and exemptions. A tax deduction is a reduction in tax obligation that is accomplished by lowering the taxable income. Common tax deductions include charitable contributions, 401k contributions, mortgage interest, and student loan interest. In contrast, a tax credit is a monetary amount that directly reduces the actual taxes owed to the government.
On earned income up to $127,200 in 2017, the Social Security tax rate is 6.2% for employees and 12.4% for the self-employed. In addition, the Medicare tax rate on earned income is 1.45% for employees and 2.9% for the self-employed. High-income earners also pay an additional 0.9% in Medicare taxes on earning above certain amounts.
A capital gain is the profit that is realized when investments (like property, stocks, and bonds) are sold. A short-term capital gain is any investment owned for exactly one year or less. Whereas a long-term capital gain is any investment held for more than a year. How long the investment is held influences the tax treatment of the capital gain. Short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income tax rates while long-term capital gains are taxed at a lower rate.
Because of our progressive tax system, a basic understanding between taxable income and the seven tax brackets is important. Specifically, the taxable income levels that shifts the tax rate from 10% to 15%, from 15% to 25%, etc. This higher tax bracket is referred to as the marginal tax rate and is the top rate that you are being taxed. In contrast, the effective tax rate is calculated by dividing your income taxes paid into your gross income.
And lastly, a discussion about tax deferred versus tax-free Is warranted. Tax deferred refers to accounts that have favorable tax treatment. This allows income and capital gain taxes to be deferred and not paid until a future point in time. In contrast, tax-free refers to accounts that are free indefinitely from taxation of income and capital gains.
